Reading Company Reports
Read the Audit Opinion Before Skipping to a Company’s Profit
Locate the independent auditor’s report, identify the statements and period covered, and separate an audit opinion from an investment recommendation.
COMPANIES · REPORTS · MARKETS
Journal
Valuation Concepts
Market Capitalisation and Enterprise Value Answer Different Questions
Use a fictional company to see why market capitalisation measures equity while enterprise value brings debt and cash into the comparison.
Brokerage Basics
Why a Fractional Share May Not Follow Your Brokerage Transfer
Check how fractional shares are handled before moving a brokerage account, including transfer eligibility, possible sales and the records needed afterwards.
Understanding Stocks
A Share-Buyback Authorisation Is Not a Completed Repurchase
Separate a board’s share-buyback authorisation from completed purchases and learn which company disclosures answer each question.
Understanding Global Stocks
An ADR Is Not Always One Ordinary Share
Before comparing an ADR with a foreign ordinary share, check the depositary ratio, currency, fees, and the documents describing the programme.
Company Research
A Related-Party Note Needs Questions Before Conclusions
Read a related-party note by identifying the relationship, transaction, outstanding balance and disclosed terms before drawing conclusions.
Investment Literacy
Two Share Classes Can Give Owners Very Different Voting Power
Separate economic ownership from voting control, read the rights attached to a share class and test the distinction with a simple fictional example.
Investment Literacy
A Stop Price Is a Trigger, Not a Guaranteed Exit Price
Understand the difference between a stock stop order and a stop-limit order with a simple price-gap example and a broker-settings checklist.
Investment Literacy
An ETF’s Fee Is Not the Same as Its Tracking Difference
Compare an index ETF’s stated fee with its tracking difference, using matching periods and benchmarks rather than one headline number.